Abacukuzi ba coltan bo muri congo bacukuye amabuye akoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga ku isi mu gihe cy’intambara

Ahantu h’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro ya Rubaya huzuye mu misozi y’icyatsi yo mu gace ka Masisi muri Kongo, humvikanye amajwi ya moteri, kubera ko abagabo babarirwa mu magana bakora mu ntoki kugira ngo bakure coltan, amabuye y’agaciro akomeye mu gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigezweho ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga birwanaho – kandi bishakishwa cyane ku isi.

Rubaya iri hagati mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo, igice gikungahaye ku bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro mu gihugu cya Afurika yo hagati kimaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo cyaciwemo urugomo n’ingabo za leta n’imitwe itandukanye yitwaje intwaro, harimo na M23, iherutse kongera kwiyongera mu makimbirane, bikabije ubukana bw’ikiremwamuntu.

Mu gihe Amerika iyoboye ibiganiro by’amahoro hagati ya Congo n’u Rwanda, Perezida wa Kongo, Felix Tshisekedi, yashakishije amasezerano n’ubuyobozi bwa Trump, atanga amabuye y’agaciro kugira ngo abanyamerika bashyigikire mu guhosha inyeshyamba no kongera umutekano.

Nubwo ibisobanuro birambuye kuri ayo masezerano bitarasobanuka neza, abasesenguzi bavuze ko Rubaya ishobora kuba ari imwe mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro iri mu rwego rwayo.

Uburasirazuba bwa Kongo bumaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo burimo ibibazo. Amakimbirane yateje kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye by’ubutabazi ku isi aho abantu barenga miliyoni 7 bimuwe, harimo 100.000 bahunze ingo uyu mwaka.

Ibirombe bya Rubaya byabaye intandaro y’imirwano, bihindura amaboko hagati ya guverinoma ya Kongo n’imitwe y’inyeshyamba. Ubu hashize umwaka urenga, iyobowe n’inyeshyamba za M23, mu ntangiriro zuyu mwaka zateye imbere zigarurira umujyi w’ibikorwa bya Goma na Bukavu mu rwego rwo gukaza umurego mu makimbirane.

Nubwo igihugu gifite ubutunzi budasanzwe bw’amabuye y’agaciro, hejuru ya 70% by’Abanyekongo babaho munsi y’amadolari 2.15 ku munsi.

Ibyuma by ‘ubuzima bugezweho no kwitegura igisirikare

Ku bagabo bakora mu birombe bya Rubaya, bashingira ku bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro kugira ngo babeho, ntacyahindutse mu myaka myinshi ishize ihohoterwa.

Umwe muri bo ni Jean Baptiste Bigirimana, umaze imyaka irindwi akora mu birombe.

Ati: “Ninjiza amadorari 40 ku kwezi, ariko ibyo ntibihagije. Abana bakeneye imyambaro, uburezi n’ibiryo. Iyo ngabanije amafaranga kugira ngo ndebe uko nzita ku bana banjye, mbona ko bidahagije, akomeza avuga ko atazi aho amabuye y’agaciro acukura ajya kuva Rubaya“.

Ibirombe bitanga coltan – ngufi ya columbite-tantalite – ubutare buvamo ibyuma tantalum na niobium. Byombi bifatwa nkibikoresho byingenzi na Amerika, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Ubushinwa n’Ubuyapani. Tantalum ikoreshwa muri terefone zigendanwa, mudasobwa na elegitoroniki y’imodoka, ndetse no muri moteri yindege, ibikoresho bya misile na sisitemu ya GPS. Niobium ikoreshwa mu miyoboro, roketi na moteri y’indege.

Ikigo cya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika gishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye n’ubutaka, Congo yatanze hafi 40% ya coltan ku isi mu 2023, aho Ositaraliya, Kanada na Berezile ari byo bitanga isoko rikomeye.

Icyemezo cy’ibikorwa by’ingufu byihutirwa by’igihugu, cyatanzwe na Trump, cyagaragaje akamaro k’amabuye y’agaciro akomeye harimo tantalum na niobium anasaba ko Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zinjira kugira ngo “ubuzima bwa none ndetse n’imyiteguro ya gisirikare.”

Raporo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ivuga ko kuva yafata Rubaya muri Mata umwaka ushize, M23 yashyizeho imisoro ku bucuruzi no gutwara buri kwezi toni 120 za coltan, yinjiza byibuze $ 800.000 buri kwezi. Impuguke z’umuryango w’abibumbye zavuze ko iyo coltan yoherezwa mu Rwanda. Ariko na mbere yuko M23 yigarurira ikirombe, abasesenguzi bavuze ko amabuye y’agaciro yagurishijwe mu Rwanda, itandukaniro ryonyine ni uko ryakozwe binyuze mu bunzi ba Kongo.

Abahanga bavuga ko bitoroshye gukurikirana uburyo coltan igera mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba.

Guillaume de Brier, umushakashatsi w’umutungo kamere mu kigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe amahoro cya Antwerp, yagize ati: Ati: “Uhereye mu burasirazuba bwa DRC, coltan igurwa n’abacuruzi, cyane cyane Abanyalibani cyangwa Abashinwa, bazayigurisha ku bohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga mu Rwanda. Abasohoka mu mahanga bazohereza muri UAE cyangwa mu Bushinwa, aho izatunganyirizwa muri tantalum na niobium, ikagurishwa mu bihugu byo mu Burengerazuba nk’ibyuma biva mu bihugu bya UAE cyangwa Ubushinwa.”

M23 yabanje kugenzura Rubaya mu gihe runaka, kandi Umuryango w’abibumbye uremeza ko, na mbere yo gufata Goma, iryo tsinda ryorohereje magendu ayo mabuye y’agaciro mu Rwanda. Kuva M23 yatwara iki kirombe, u Rwanda rwoherezwa mu mahanga coltan rwikubye kabiri, nk’uko imibare y’u Rwanda ibigaragaza.

Rimwe na rimwe, ibirombe na byo byayoborwaga na Wazalendo, umutwe w’ingabo zunze ubumwe n’ingabo za Kongo.

Alexis Twagira yavuze ko yumva ibintu bimwe byateye imbere muri M23. Ati: “maze imyaka 13 nkora muri iki kirombe, kandi nkora munsi ya Wazalendo. Iyo bari hano, baradutoteza, rimwe na rimwe bagafata amabuye y’agaciro tugasaba amafaranga“.

Umuryango w’abibumbye washinje ingabo za Kongo ndetse n’inyeshyamba za M23 ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu.

Ntidushobora gukomeza gutya

Kongo n’igihugu kinini ku isi ikora cobalt, minerval ikoreshwa mu gukora bateri ya lithium-ion ku binyabiziga by’amashanyarazi n’ibindi bicuruzwa, ariko kwinjira muri Amerika biragoye kubera ko amasosiyete y’Abashinwa agenzura 80% by’umusaruro w’Abanyekongo. Kongo nayo itanga zahabu.

Mu byumweru bishize, amasosiyete abiri yo muri Amerika yafunguye imiryango y’umusaruro mu karere. Nathan Trotter, isosiyete yo muri Amerika, yasinyanye ibaruwa isezerana n’u Rwanda ikorera mu Rwanda Trinity Metals, ifite amabuye manini manini y’u Rwanda. Kandi KoBold Metals, ikoresha Artificial Intelligence mu rwego rwo kurushaho kwimura ingufu kandi ishyigikiwe n’umuherwe Bill Gates, yasinyanye amasezerano yo kugura inyungu za AVZ Minerals yo muri Ositaraliya mu bubiko bwa Litiyumu ya Manono ya Kongo.

Abasesenguzi baraburira ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amabuye y’amabuye y’agaciro mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo, niba imwe ryabaye impamo, izahura n’inzitizi nyinshi – cyane cyane abashoramari bo muri Amerika ahanini bataye Kongo mu myaka 20 ishize.

Muri raporo iheruka gukorwa, Chatham House, yagize ati: “Guhindura itangazo ry’umutwe mu iterambere rirambye bizakenera gukemura amakenga akomeye hagati y’u Rwanda na DRC. Amasezerano azakenera kandi kuzirikana ibibazo bikomeye bya politiki by’ibanze by’ubutaka ndetse n’irangamuntu, ibibazo by’umutekano mugari mu karere kakira imitwe yitwaje intwaro itari myinshi ya Leta, ndetse n’ibibazo by’ibura ry’umutungo.”

Niba ayo masezerano aramutse arimo Rubaya, aho ubu ubucukuzi bwose bukorerwa intoki, amasosiyete yo muri Amerika yagomba guhangana n’umutekano ndetse no kubura ibikorwa remezo bikabije.

De Brier wo mu kigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe amakuru ku mahoro yagize ati: “Hamwe na coltan, urimo ukorana n’ibihumbi magana y’abacukuzi, ntabwo ari M23 gusa, ahubwo n’andi yitwa imitwe yitwaje intwaro yitwaje ibirwanisho ndetse n’abantu ku giti cyabo bashingira ku bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro kugira ngo babeho. Ugomba kubaka ibikorwa remezo byose, ugomba guhera mu ntangiriro. Uzagomba no kubaka imihanda.”

Bahati Moïse, umucuruzi ugurisha coltan mu birombe bya Rubaya, yizera ko, utitaye ku ugenzura ibirombe, abakozi bakora mu gucukura amabuye y’agaciro amaherezo bazahabwa agaciro nk’umutungo ubwabo.

Ati: “Igihugu cyose, isi yose izi ko terefone zakozwe muri coltan yacukuwe hano, ariko reba ubuzima tubamo. Ntidushobora gukomeza gutya.”

@Rebero.rw

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