Ku cyumweru, Perezida wa Siriya, Bashar Assad yahunze igihugu, arangiza mu buryo butangaje urugamba rwe rw’imyaka 14 yari afite rwo kwigarurira igihugu cye mu gihe igihugu cye cyacitsemo ibice mu ntambara ikaze y’abenegihugu yabaye intambara yo guharanira ibihugu by’akarere ndetse n’amahanga.
Gusohoka kwa Assad w’imyaka 59 y’amavuko byari bitandukanye cyane n’amezi ye ya mbere yo kuba perezida wa Siriya bidashoboka mu 2000, igihe benshi bizeye ko azaba umusore uvugurura nyuma y’imyaka mirongo itatu se afashe ingoma. Ku myaka 34, inzobere mu kuvura amaso yize iburengerazuba yagaragaye nk’umufana wa tekinoroji wa mudasobwa ufite imyitwarire yoroheje.
Ariko ubwo yahuraga n’imyigaragambyo y’ubutegetsi bwe bwatangiye muri Werurwe 2011, Assad yifashishije amayeri ya se yo guhashya abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi. Ubwo iyo myigaragambyo yavaga mu ntambara itaziguye, yarekuye igisirikare cye kugira ngo aturitse imigi yari irimo abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi, abifashijwemo n’abafatanyabikorwa Irani n’Uburusiya.
Imiryango mpuzamahanga iharanira uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu n’abashinjacyaha bavuga ko bakoresheje cyane iyicarubozo n’ubwicanyi ndengakamere muri gereza ya leta ya Siriya. Intambara yahitanye abantu hafi igice cya miliyoni kandi yimura kimwe cya kabiri cyabatuye igihugu mbere ya miliyoni 23.
Amakimbirane yasaga nkaho yahagaritswe mu myaka yashize, leta ya Assad ikongera kwigarurira igice kinini cy’ubutaka bwa Siriya mu gihe amajyaruguru y’iburengerazuba yagumye iyobowe n’imitwe itavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi n’amajyaruguru iyobowe n’Abanyakorde.
N’ubwo Damas yagumye mu gihano cy’iburengerazuba, ibihugu bituranye byari byatangiye kwegura kugira ngo Assad akomeze gufata ubutegetsi. Umuryango w’abarabu wongeye kugarura abanyamuryango ba Siriya umwaka ushize, maze Arabiya Sawudite muri Gicurasi itangaza ko hashyizweho ambasaderi wayo wa mbere kuva yatandukanya umubano na Damasiko mu myaka 12 ishize.
Icyakora, umuvuduko wa geopolitike wahindutse vuba igihe imitwe itavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bwa Siriya mu mpera z’Ugushyingo yagabye igitero gitunguranye. Ingabo za leta zahise zisenyuka mu gihe abayoboke ba Assad, bahugiye mu yandi makimbirane intambara y’Uburusiya muri Ukraine ndetse n’intambara yamaze umwaka hagati ya Isiraheli n’imitwe yitwara gisirikare ya Irani ishyigikiwe na Hezbollah na Hamas basaga nkudashaka gutabara ku gahato.
Iherezo ry’imyaka mirongo y’ubutegetsi bw’umuryango
Assad yaje ku butegetsi mu 2000 ahindagurika. Se yari yarashyinze mukuru wa Bashar, Basil, nk’umusimbura, ariko mu 1994, Basil yaguye mu mpanuka y’imodoka yabereye i Damasiko. Bashar yazanywe mu rugo avuye mu buvuzi bw’amaso i Londres, ashyirwa mu myitozo ya gisirikare maze azamurwa mu ntera ya koloneli kugira ngo amenye ibyangombwa bye kugira ngo umunsi umwe ategeke.
Igihe Hafez Assad yapfaga mu 2000, inteko ishinga amategeko yahise igabanya imyaka y’umukuru w’umukuru w’igihugu kuva kuri 40 ikagera kuri 34. Iterambere rya Bashar ryashyizweho kashe na referendum yo mu gihugu hose, aho yari umukandida wenyine.
Hafez, umusirikare ubuzima bwe bwose, yayoboye iki gihugu imyaka igera kuri 30 aho yashyizeho ubukungu bw’ubumwe bw’Abasoviyeti kandi agakomeza ukuboko gukomeye ku batavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi ku buryo Abanyasiriya batinyaga no gusetsa inshuti zabo.
Yakurikiranye ingengabitekerezo y’isi yashakaga gushyingura itandukaniro ry’amacakubiri mu gihe cy’ubwenegihugu bw’Abarabu ndetse n’ishusho yo kurwanya ubutwari kuri Isiraheli. Yagiranye ubufatanye n’ubuyobozi bw’abapadiri b’abashiya muri Irani, ashyira ikimenyetso ku butegetsi bwa Siriya kuri Libani kandi ashyiraho ihuriro ry’imitwe yitwara gisirikare ya Palesitine na Libani.
Bashar yabanje asa nkaho atandukanye na se ukomeye.
Muremure kandi ufite lisp nkeya, yari afite imyitwarire ituje, yoroheje. Umwanya we wenyine wemewe mbere yo kuba perezida yari umuyobozi wa societe ya mudasobwa ya Siriya. Umugore we, Asma al-Akhras, washakanye amezi menshi nyuma yo gutangira imirimo, yari mwiza, kandi wavukiye mu Bwongereza.
Abashakanye bakiri bato, amaherezo babyaranye abana batatu, basaga nkaho birinze imitego y’ubutegetsi. Babaga mu nzu iri mu karere ka Abu Rummaneh gaherereye mu mujyi wa Damasiko, bitandukanye n’inzu y’ibwami nk’abandi bayobozi b’Abarabu.
Mu mizo ya mbere, Assad yarekuye imfungwa za politiki kandi yemerera ibiganiro byeruye. Mu isoko rya Damasiko, hagaragaye salon y’abanyabwenge aho Abanyasiriya bashoboraga kuganira ku buhanzi, umuco na politiki ku buryo bidashoboka mu gihe cya se.
Ariko nyuma yuko abanyabwenge 1.000 bashyize umukono ku cyifuzo rusange gisaba demokarasi ishingiye ku mashyaka menshi n’ubwisanzure bunini mu 2001, abandi bakagerageza gushinga ishyaka rya politiki, salo zaciwe n’abapolisi b’ibanga batinyaga, bafunga abarwanashyaka benshi.
Ikigeragezo cy’Abarabu, Assad yishingikirije ku masezerano ashaje kugira ngo agume ku butegetsi
Aho gufungura politiki, Assad yerekeje ku ivugurura ry’ubukungu. Buhoro buhoro yakuyeho inzitizi z’ubukungu, areka muri banki z’amahanga, akingura imiryango yinjira mu mahanga kandi aha imbaraga abikorera. Damasiko n’indi mijyi bimaze igihe byuzuyemo ubunebwe byabonye amaduka acururizwamo, resitora nshya n’ibicuruzwa. Ubukerarugendo bwariyongereye.
Mu mahanga, yakomereje ku murongo se yari yarashyizeho, ashingiye ku bufatanye na Irani ndetse na politiki yo gutsimbarara ku kugaruka kwuzuye kwa Golan Hejuru yigaruriwe na Isiraheli, nubwo mu bikorwa Assad atigeze ahangana na Isiraheli mu buryo bwa gisirikare.
Mu 2005, yahuye n’ikibazo gikomeye cyo gutakaza Siriya imaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo itwara Libani ituranye nyuma y’iyicwa ry’uwahoze ari Minisitiri w’intebe Rafik Hariri. Kubera ko Abanyalibani benshi bashinjaga Damasiko kuba inyuma y’ubwo bwicanyi, Siriya yahatiwe gukura ingabo zayo muri icyo gihugu maze guverinoma ishyigikiye Amerika igera ku butegetsi.
Muri icyo gihe, ibihugu by’Abarabu byigabanyijemo ibice bibiri kimwe mu bihugu bifatanije na Amerika, biyobowe n’Abasuni nka Arabiya Sawudite na Misiri, ikindi cya Siriya na Irani iyobowe n’Abashiya bifitanye isano na Hezbollah n’abarwanyi ba Palesitine.
Muri rusange, Assad yishingikirizaga ahanini ku kigo kimwe cy’amashanyarazi mu rugo nka se: agatsiko ke ka Alawite, ishami ry’ubuyisilamu bw’Abashiya rigizwe n’abaturage bagera ku 10%. Imyanya myinshi muri guverinoma ye yagiye mu gisekuru cyimiryango imwe yakoreraga se. Yashizwemo kandi n’abagize itsinda rishya ryo hagati ryashyizweho n’ivugurura rye, harimo n’imiryango y’abacuruzi bakomeye b’Abasuni.
Assad na we yitabaje umuryango we. Murumuna we Maher yayoboye ingabo z’indashyikirwa za Perezida kandi yari kuyobora igitero cyo kurwanya iyo myigaragambyo. Mushiki wabo Bushra yari ijwi rikomeye mu ruzinduko rwe, hamwe n’umugabo we, Minisitiri w’ingabo wungirije, Assef Shawkat, kugeza igihe yiciwe mu gisasu cyaturikiye mu 2012. Mubyara wa Bashar, Rami Makhlouf, yabaye umucuruzi ukomeye mu gihugu, ayobora ingoma y’imari mbere yuko bombi batongana bituma Makhlouf asunikwa ku ruhande.
Assad kandi yarushijeho guha inshingano z’ingenzi umugore we Asma, mbere yuko atangaza muri Gicurasi ko ari kwivuza indwara ya leukemia maze akava mu bantu.
Igihe imyigaragambyo ya 2011 yatangiraga muri Tuniziya no muri Egiputa, amaherezo igahirika abategetsi babo, Assad yanze ko bishoboka ko ibintu nk’ibyo byabera muri Siriya, ashimangira ko ubutegetsi bwe buhuza abaturage bayo. Nyuma y’umuyaga w’Abarabu ugeze muri Siriya, abashinzwe umutekano bagabye igitero simusiga mu gihe Assad yahoraga ahakana ko yahuye n’imyigarambyo ya rubanda. Ahubwo yashinje “abaterabwoba bashyigikiwe n’amahanga” bagerageza guhungabanya ubutegetsi bwe.
Imvugo ye yashimishije benshi mu matsinda mato ya Siriya – barimo abakirisitu, Druze n’Abashiya – ndetse n’Abasuni bamwe batinyaga ko bazategekwa n’intagondwa z’Abasuni ndetse kuruta uko badakunda ubutegetsi bw’igitugu bwa Assad.
Igihe imyigaragambyo yatangiraga kuba intambara y’abenegihugu, miliyoni z’Abanyasiriya bahungiye muri Yorodani, Turukiya, Iraki na Libani ndetse no mu Burayi.
Igitangaje ni uko ku ya 26 Gashyantare 2011, nyuma y’iminsi ibiri Hosni Mubarak wo muri Egiputa aguye ku bigaragambyaga ndetse n’iminsi mike mbere yuko imyigaragambyo y’Abarabu yinjira mu gihugu cye, Assad yoherereje ubutumwa kuri interineti urwenya yari yabonye asebya umuyobozi wa Misiri wanze ko yanga gutera intambwe.
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